Are you looking for some Metals And Non Metals Class 10 Notes? Chapter 3 science class 10, Metals and non metals are the two broad categories into which elements are classified. Metals are generally shiny, hard, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals, on the other hand, are typically dull, soft, and poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Metals are essential for our modern way of life. They are used in construction, transportation, machinery, electronics, appliances, and jewelry. Non-metals are also important to us. They are used in plastics, fertilizers, paper, glass, and ceramics.
In this article, we will discuss the whole chapter along with the very important question answers. Not only that, you can also download the PDF version of these notes by clicking the link below.
Metals And Non Metals Class 10 Notes
What are metals and non metals?
Metals are elements that have certain characteristic properties, such as:
- Lustre: Metals have a shiny appearance.
- Malleability: Metals can be hammered into thin sheets.
- Ductility: Metals can be drawn into thin wires.
- Sonority: Metals produce a ringing sound when struck.
- Conductivity: Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Non-metals are elements that do not have the characteristic properties of metals. They are typically dull, soft, and poor conductors of heat and electricity.
How are metals and non metals classified?
The classification of an element as a metal or a non-metal is not always clear-cut. Some elements have properties that are intermediate between those of metals and non metals. For example, silicon and germanium are semiconductors, which means that they are poor conductors of electricity at room temperature, but their conductivity increases as the temperature increases.
Importance of metals and non metals:
Metals and non metals are both essential to our modern way of life. Metals are used in construction, transportation, machinery, electronics, appliances, and jewelry. Non-metals are also important to us. They are used in plastics, fertilizers, paper, glass, and ceramics.
Physical properties of metals:
- Malleability: Metals are malleable, which means that they can be hammered into thin sheets without breaking. This is because the metal atoms are arranged in a regular structure that allows them to slide over each other without breaking apart.
- Ductility: Metals are malleable, which means that they can be drawn into thin wires without breaking. This is because the metal atoms are strongly bonded together, but they are still able to slide over each other without breaking apart.
- Sonority: Metals are sonorous, which means that they produce a ringing sound when struck. This is because the metal atoms are strongly bonded together, and they vibrate easily when struck.
- Lustre: Metals are lustrous, which means that they have a shiny appearance. This is because the metal atoms reflect light evenly.
- Conductivity: Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. This is because the metal atoms are arranged in a regular structure that allows electrons to move freely through the metal.
- Hardness: Metals are generally hard, but the hardness of a metal depends on its specific composition. Some metals, such as gold and silver, are relatively soft, while other metals, such as iron and chromium, are very hard.
- Melting and boiling points: Metals generally have high melting and boiling points. This is because the metal atoms are strongly bonded together.
- Density: Metals are generally dense, which means that they have a lot of mass for their volume. This is because the metal atoms are tightly packed together.
These physical properties of metals make them useful for a wide variety of applications. For example, the malleability and ductility of metals make them easy to shape into different objects, such as cars, airplanes, and buildings. The conductivity of metals makes them useful for electrical wiring and electronics. The hardness of metals makes them useful for tools and machinery.
Physical properties of non-metals:
- Brittleness: Non-metals are brittle, which means they break easily when hit or struck.
- Non-ductility: Non-metals cannot be drawn into thin wires.
- Non-malleability: Non-metals cannot be hammered into thin sheets.
- Lack of lustre: Non-metals are typically dull in appearance, except for iodine, which has a metallic luster.
- Poor conductivity: Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
- Low melting and boiling points: Non-metals have lower melting and boiling points than metals.
- Low density: Non-metals have lower densities than metals.
Here is a table that summarizes the physical properties of metals and non-metals:
| Property | Metals | Non-metals |
|---|---|---|
| Malleability | Yes | No |
| Ductility | Yes | No |
| Sonority | Yes | No |
| Lustre | Yes | No (except iodine) |
| Conductivity | Good | Poor |
| Hardness | Hard | Soft |
| Melting and boiling points | High | Low |
| Density | High | Low |
There are some exceptions to the general physical properties of non-metals. For example, graphite, a form of carbon, is a good conductor of electricity. And diamond, another form of carbon, is the hardest known natural substance.
Chemical properties of metals:
Metals are generally good reducing agents, meaning that they lose electrons easily. They can react with oxygen to form metal oxides, which are usually basic in nature. Metals can also react with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas.
Reactivity with oxygen:
When metals are heated in air, they react with oxygen to form metal oxides. The metal oxide that is formed depends on the metal and the amount of oxygen that is present. For example, magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide:
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
The metal oxide that is formed can be basic, acidic, or amphoteric. Basic metal oxides, such as magnesium oxide, react with water to form bases. Acidic metal oxides, such as sulfur dioxide, react with water to form acids. Amphoteric metal oxides, such as zinc oxide, can react with both acids and bases.
Reactivity with acids:
Metals react with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas. The metal that is used and the type of acid that is used determine the salt that is formed. For example, zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and hydrogen gas:
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Reactivity with water:
Some metals react with water to form metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas. The reactivity of a metal with water depends on the metal. For example, sodium reacts vigorously with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:
2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
Iron reacts with water slowly to form iron oxide and hydrogen gas:
4Fe + 6H2O → 4Fe(OH)3 + 3H2
Chemical properties of non-metals:
Non-metals are generally good oxidizing agents, meaning that they gain electrons easily. They can react with metals to form metal compounds. Non-metals can also react with other non-metals to form covalent bonds.
Reactivity with oxygen:
Most non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides. The non-metal oxide that is formed depends on the non-metal and the amount of oxygen that is present. For example, carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide:
C + O2 → CO2
The non-metal oxide that is formed can be acidic or basic. Acidic non-metal oxides, such as carbon dioxide, react with water to form acids. Basic non-metal oxides, such as calcium oxide, react with water to form bases.
Reactivity with acids:
Non-metals do not react with acids in the same way that metals do. Some non-metals, such as chlorine, can react with concentrated acids to form non-metal oxyacids. For example, chlorine reacts with concentrated nitric acid to form nitric acid:
Cl2 + 4HNO3 → 2HNO3 + 2H2O + 2Cl2
Other non-metals, such as carbon, do not react with acids at all.
Reactivity with bases:
Some non-metals, such as chlorine, can react with bases to form salts and water. For example, chlorine reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium chloride and water:
Cl2 + 2NaOH → NaClO + NaCl + H2O
Other non-metals, such as carbon, do not react with bases at all.
Extraction of metals from ores:
Once the ore has been mined, it must be concentrated to remove the impurities. This can be done using a variety of methods, such as froth floatation, magnetic separation, and gravity separation.
Once the ore has been concentrated, it is smelted to extract the metal. Smelting involves heating the ore to a high temperature in the presence of a reducing agent, such as carbon or carbon monoxide. The reducing agent removes the oxygen from the metal oxide, leaving behind the pure metal.
The pure metal is then refined to remove any remaining impurities. This can be done using a variety of methods, such as electrolysis, distillation, and zone refining.
Uses of metals and non metals:
Metals:
Metals have a wide variety of uses. Some of the most common uses of metals include:
- Construction: Metals are used in construction to build buildings, bridges, roads, and other structures.
- Transportation: Metals are used to make cars, airplanes, trains, and ships.
- Machinery: Metals are used to make machines and tools.
- Electronics: Metals are used to make electronic devices, such as computers, smartphones, and televisions.
- Appliances: Metals are used to make appliances, such as refrigerators, stoves, and washing machines.
- Jewelry: Metals, such as gold, silver, and platinum, are used to make jewelry.
Non-metals:
Non-metals also have a wide variety of uses. Some of the most common uses of non-metals include:
- Plastics: Plastics are made from non-metals, such as carbon and hydrogen. Plastics are used to make a wide variety of products, such as packaging materials, toys, and medical devices.
- Fertilizers: Fertilizers are made from non-metals, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Fertilizers are used to improve the growth of plants.
- Paper: Paper is made from non-metals, such as carbon and oxygen. Paper is used to make books, newspapers, and other printed materials.
- Glass: Glass is made from non-metals, such as silicon and oxygen. Glass is used to make windows, mirrors, and other glass products.
- Ceramics: Ceramics are made from non-metals, such as silicon and oxygen. Ceramics are used to make pottery, tiles, and other ceramic products.
Conclusion:
In this article, we have discussed the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, as well as their importance and uses.
Metals and non-metals are both essential to our modern way of life. Metals are used in construction, transportation, machinery, electronics, appliances, and jewelry. Non-metals are also important to us. They are used in plastics, fertilizers, paper, glass, and ceramics.
Here is a summary of the key points of the chapter:
- Metals are shiny, hard, and good conductors of heat and electricity.
- Non-metals are typically dull, soft, and poor conductors of heat and electricity.
- Metals are extracted from ores through a process called smelting.
- Non-metals are extracted from a variety of sources, including air, water, and minerals.
- Metals are used in a wide variety of products, including construction materials, transportation vehicles, machinery, electronics, appliances, and jewelry.
- Non-metals are also used in a wide variety of products, including plastics, fertilizers, paper, glass, and ceramics.
We hope this article has helped you to understand the importance of metals and non-metals in your lives and in your exam preparation. If you found this article helpful, please share it with your friends. If you have any queries related to the article, feel free to comment below. Our team will reach you shortly.
FAQs on Metal and Non Metal notes class 10:
Q. What is metal and non metal? A-> Metals are elements that are typically shiny, hard, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals are elements that are typically dull, soft, and poor conductors of heat and electricity. Q. Is sodium a metal or nonmetal? A-> Sodium is a metal. It is a soft, silvery-white metal that is highly reactive. It is the sixth most abundant element on Earth and is found in many compounds, including table salt. Sodium is a good conductor of heat and electricity and is used in a variety of products, including batteries, soap, and glass. Q. How do metals and nonmetals react? A-> When metals react with non-metals, they form ionic compounds. Metals lose electrons to non-metals, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions which are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces. Q. Is iron a metal or nonmetal? A-> Iron is a metal. It has all the characteristic properties of metals, such as luster, malleability, ductility, sonority, and conductivity.
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Sudipta Adhikary 