Important Acid Base And Salt Class 10 Notes | Chapter 2 Science Class 10 PDF

Acids:

Definition:

An acid is a substance that donates hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. Acids are typically sour and turn blue litmus paper red.

Types of acids:

Acids can be classified into two main types: strong and weak. Strong acids are those that completely dissociate in water to release all of their hydrogen ions. Examples of strong acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and nitric acid (HNO3). Weak acids, on the other hand, partially dissociate in water, meaning that not all of their hydrogen ions are released. Examples of weak acids include acetic acid (CH3COOH) and citric acid.

Chemical properties of acids:

Acids have a number of characteristic chemical properties. Some of the most important properties of acids include:

• They turn blue litmus paper red.
• They react with metals to produce hydrogen gas and salt.
• They react with metal oxides to produce water and salt.
• They react with metal carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide, gas, water, and salt.
• They react with bases to form salt and water.

Reactions of acids:

Acids can react with a variety of substances, including metals, metal oxides, metal carbonates and bicarbonates, and bases. Some of the most common reactions of acids include:

• Acid-metal reaction: When an acid reacts with a metal, hydrogen gas is produced, and a salt is formed. For example, when hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc metal, hydrogen gas and zinc chloride are produced.
• Acid-metal oxide reaction: When an acid reacts with a metal oxide, water, and a salt are produced. For example, when sulfuric acid reacts with sodium oxide, water and sodium sulfate are produced.
• Acid-metal carbonate/bicarbonate reaction: When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate or bicarbonate, carbon dioxide gas, water, and salt are produced. For example, when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide gas, water, and sodium chloride are produced.
• Acid-base reaction: When an acid reacts with a base, salt and water are produced. This reaction is known as a neutralization reaction. For example, when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and water are produced.

Applications of acids:

Acids have a wide range of applications in industry and agriculture. Some of the most common uses of acids include:

• Industry: Acids are used in a variety of industrial processes, such as the production of fertilizers, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.
• Agriculture: Acids are used in agriculture to improve soil fertility and to control pests and diseases.

Safety precautions when handling acids:

Acids are corrosive and can cause serious burns to the skin and eyes. It is important to take safety precautions when handling acids. Some of the most important safety precautions include:

• Always wear gloves and eye protection when handling acids.
• Work in a well-ventilated area.
• Be careful not to spill acids. If you do spill an acid, clean it up immediately with a base, such as sodium bicarbonate.

Conclusion:

Acids are an important class of substances with a wide range of applications. It is important to understand the properties of acids and how to handle them safely.

Bases:

Definition:

A base is a substance that dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Bases are also known as alkalis.

Types of bases:

Bases can be classified into strong bases and weak bases.

• Strong bases are bases that dissociate completely in water to produce hydroxide ions. Examples of strong bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).
• Weak bases are bases that dissociate partially in water to produce hydroxide ions. Examples of weak bases include ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2).

Chemical properties of bases:

Bases have the following chemical properties:

• Bases turn red litmus paper blue.
• Bases react with acids to form salts and water. This reaction is known as neutralization.
• Bases react with metal oxides to form metal hydroxides and salts.
• Bases react with metal salts to form new metal salts.

Reactions of bases with acids:

When a base reacts with an acid, salt and water are formed. This reaction is known as neutralization. For example, when sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid (an acid), sodium chloride (a salt) and water are formed.

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Reactions of bases with metal oxides:

When a base reacts with a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, and a salt are formed. For example, when sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with carbon dioxide (a metal oxide), sodium carbonate (a salt) and water are formed.

2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O

Reactions of bases with metal salts:

When a base reacts with a metal salt, a new metal salt is formed. For example, when sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with copper sulfate (a metal salt), sodium sulfate (a new metal salt) and copper hydroxide are formed.

2NaOH + CuSO4 → Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2

Applications of bases:

Bases are used in a variety of applications, including:

• Industry: Bases are used in the manufacture of soaps, detergents, paper, and textiles.
• Agriculture: Bases are used as fertilizers and to control pests and diseases.
• Medicine: Bases are used to make antacids, which neutralize stomach acid. Bases are also used in some cleaning products and disinfectants.

Safety precautions when handling bases:

Bases can be corrosive, and cause burns to the skin and eyes. It is important to wear gloves and goggles when handling bases. If you get a base on your skin, wash it off immediately with plenty of water.

Applications of Acids Bases And Salts:

Acids bases and salts are essential chemicals that are used in a wide variety of applications in industry, agriculture, and everyday life. Here are some specific examples:

Acids:

• Sulfuric acid is the most widely produced acid in the world. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, detergents, paints, and plastics.
• Nitric acid is used in the production of fertilizers, explosives, dyes, and plastics.
• Hydrochloric acid is used in the food industry, for example, to pickle vegetables and to clean metal surfaces.
• Acetic acid is the acid that gives vinegar its sour taste. It is also used in the food industry as a preservative and flavoring agent.
• Citric acid is found in citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons. It is used as a food additive, flavoring agent, and cleaning agent.

Bases:

• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base that is used in the manufacture of soap, paper, and rayon. It is also used to clean drains and to remove paint.
• Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is another strong base that is used in the manufacture of soap, fertilizer, and batteries.
• Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), also known as slaked lime, is a weak base that is used in the construction industry to make mortar and plaster. It is also used to neutralize acidic wastewater.
• Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), also known as milk of magnesia, is a mild base that is used as an antacid and laxative.

Salts:

• Sodium chloride (NaCl), also known as common salt, is the most widely used salt in the world. It is used as a food additive, preservative, and de-icing agent.
• Potassium chloride (KCl) is a salt that is used as a fertilizer and as an additive in sports drinks.
• Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a salt that is found in limestone and seashells. It is used in the manufacture of cement, glass, and paper.
• Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), also known as baking soda, is a salt that is used as a leavening agent in baking and as a cleaning agent.

These are just a few examples of the many applications of acids bases and salts. These chemicals play an essential role in our modern world.

Additional applications:

• Acids are used in medicine to treat various conditions, such as heartburn and indigestion.
• Bases are used in medicine to neutralize acidic stomach contents and to treat allergies.
• Salts are used in medicine to treat dehydration and to prevent muscle cramps.

Acids bases and salts are also used in many other ways, such as:

• In water treatment to remove impurities and to adjust pH levels
• Air pollution control to remove harmful gases from the atmosphere
• In energy production, to generate electricity and to produce fuels
• In manufacturing to produce a wide variety of products, including plastics, pharmaceuticals, and textiles

Acids bases and salts are truly essential chemicals that we rely on in many ways in our everyday lives.

Question 1: What is the difference between an acid and a base?

Answer: An acid is a substance that donates hydrogen ions (H+) in water solution, while a base is a substance that donates hydroxide ions (OH-) in water solution.

Question 2: What is the pH scale?

Answer: The pH scale is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Acids have a pH less than 7, while bases have a pH greater than 7.

Question 3: What is a neutralization reaction?

Answer: A neutralization reaction is a reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water.

Question 4: What are some common acids and bases?

Answer: Some common acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and acetic acid (CH3COOH). Some common bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and ammonia (NH3).

Question 5: What are some important uses of acids and bases?

Answer: Acids and bases are used in a wide variety of industries and applications, including manufacturing, agriculture, and medicine. For example, acids are used in the production of fertilizers, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. Bases are used in the production of soaps and detergents, paper, and textiles.

Question 6: What are some safety precautions that should be taken when handling acids and bases?

Answer: Acids and bases can be corrosive and harmful to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. It is important to wear safety goggles, gloves, and a lab coat when handling acids and bases. It is also important to work in a well-ventilated area.

Question 7: What is the chemical formula for table salt?

Answer: The chemical formula for table salt is NaCl (sodium chloride).

Question 8: What is the chemical formula for baking soda?

Answer: The chemical formula for baking soda is NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate).

Question 9: What is the chemical formula for baking powder?

Answer: The chemical formula for baking powder is a mixture of NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) and a weak acid, such as tartaric acid or cream of tartar.

Question 10: What is the chemical formula for antacids?

Answer: The chemical formula for antacids is Mg(OH)2 (magnesium hydroxide).

Question 11: What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?

Answer: A strong acid is an acid that completely dissociates into its ions in a water solution. In contrast, a weak acid is an acid that does not completely dissociate into its ions in water solution. Strong acids have a pH less than 2, while weak acids have a pH greater than 2.

Question 12: What is the difference between a strong base and a weak base?

Answer: A strong base is a base that completely dissociates into its ions in a water solution. In contrast, a weak base is a base that does not completely dissociate into its ions in water solution. Strong bases have a pH greater than 12, while weak bases have a pH less than 12.

Question 13: What is the difference between a normal salt, an acidic salt, and a basic salt?

Answer: A normal salt is a salt that is formed from a strong acid and a strong base. An acidic salt is a salt that is formed from a strong acid and a weak base. A basic salt is a salt that is formed from a weak acid and a strong base.

Question 14: What is the use of indicators in acid-base titrations?

Answer: Indicators are used in acid-base titrations to show the endpoint of the reaction, which is the point at which the acid and base have been completely neutralized.

Question 15: What is the difference between hydrolysis and neutralization?

Answer: Hydrolysis is a reaction in which a salt reacts with water to form an acid and a base. Neutralization is a reaction in which an acid and a base react to form salt and water.

Question 16: What is the difference between a homogeneous solution and a heterogeneous solution?

Answer: A homogeneous solution is a solution in which the solute is evenly dispersed throughout the solvent. A heterogeneous solution is a solution in which the solute is not evenly dispersed throughout the solvent.

Question 17: What is the difference between a saturated solution and an unsaturated solution?

Answer: A saturated solution is a solution in which the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in the solvent. An unsaturated solution is a solution in which the maximum amount of solute has not been dissolved in the solvent.

Question 18: What is the difference between a colloid and a suspension?

Answer: A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture in which the dispersed particles are smaller than 1 micrometre in diameter. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the dispersed particles are larger than 1 micrometre in diameter.

Question 19: What is the difference between a chemical change and a physical change?

Answer: A chemical change is a change in which the composition of the substance is changed. A physical change is a change in which the composition of the substance is not changed.

Question 20: What is the difference between an exothermic reaction and an endothermic reaction?

Answer: An exothermic reaction is a reaction that releases heat. An endothermic reaction is a reaction that absorbs heat.